Plain Jane Hemp Terpenes: The Ultimate Guide

Hemp is a variety of Cannabis sativa that is naturally low in the cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and rich in cannabidiol (CBD). Like marijuana, hemp contains compounds such as cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. The big difference?

Definitely not indica vs sativa- those only refer to the way a cannabis plant looks when it is growing. Truly, all hemp is sativa and only marijuana can be indica. Both share the same compounds, but it is the diversity of those compounds and their potency that really define a strain.

It is commonly accepted in cannabis culture to make the distinction between sativa and indica strains. Indica plants are said to be short, densely branched and have wider leaves and are claimed to be sedative and good for pain relief. Sativa plants are tall, loosely branched and have long, narrow leaves. Sativa is claimed to be uplifting, stimulating and recommended for daytime use. This is the typical information a patient or recreational user will hear when they visit a medicinal cannabis dispensary or recreational store. However, we only found one published study that compared indica and sativa strains in patients. This study showed that cannabis was uniformly effective in relieving symptoms across a wide range of diagnostic categories. Indica strains appeared superior to sativa strains in improving energy and appetite. No statistical difference between sativa and indica was found for pain, mood, nausea, muscle spasms, seizures, ocular, insomnia, awareness or neuropathy. Strains were assigned based upon morphology.

Elzinga, S., Fischedick, J., Podkolinski, R., & Raber, J. C. (2015). Cannabinoids and terpenes as chemotaxonomic markers in cannabis.

Table of Contents

Terpenes: What Makes a Hemp Strain Unique?

So what really gives cannabis and hemp strains their distinct aromas, flavors, and effects? We know that cannabis works differently in all people, but what are all of the variables that need to be considered?

1. Cannabinoid potency
2. Cannabinoid diversity
3. Terpene potency
4. Terpene diversity
5. Personal endocannabinoid system balance
6. Personal consumption methods
7. Personal consumption volume and frequency
8. Personal perception

Strain reviews can never accurately account for personal factors, of which there are many. However, it can help consumers to understand the role of cannabinoids and terpenes, especially when it comes to diversity (entourage effect) vs potency (concentration of compounds).

Ultimately, all of those personal factors will play a major role in a person’s experience with a strain though. Many people are surprised to find themselves enjoying strains they otherwise would have written off based on the false monikers and assumptions that go along with indica vs sativa. This is because hemp terpenes play a big role in the experience- possibly more so than indica vs sativa.

What Are Terpenes?

Terpenes are aromatic and flavorful compounds that are present in all plants. They are classified by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a generally recognized as safe ingredient (“GRAS status”) and are commonly used in food production and in aromatherapy.

No distinct sativa group clustered independently from indica strains, however approximately half of the indica samples separated from the overlapping group. It is likely that many of the strains labeled as sativa are not in fact pure sativa strains as represented by hemp cultivars (with relatively higher CBD levels compared to THC) but rather high potency narrow leaflet drug type cultivars with higher THC levels compared to CBD. This data also indicates another distinct chemotype referred to as an indica with high levels of limonene, fenchol, α-terpineol, camphene, linalool, THC-max, camphor geraniol, β-pinene and β-caryophyllene exists. This chemotype is represented in strains like 1st Generation Diablo, Black Mamba, Skywalker, Neptune OG and True OG. The observed data does not support the classification between indica and sativa as it is commonly presented currently in cannabis culture.

Elzinga, S., Fischedick, J., Podkolinski, R., & Raber, J. C. (2015). Cannabinoids and terpenes as chemotaxonomic markers in cannabis.

Hemp terpenes are the same as cannabis terpenes, the same molecules are found all over the plant kingdom. Cannabis terpenes like linalool are also found in lavender; humalene in hops; limonene in citrus fruit; myrcene in mango; and many more!

Flavored CBD and Types of CBD Oil

There are many different kinds of CBD flavors found in CBD oil tinctures. Plain Jane uses only natural CBD flavors that come from terpenes and does not add extra CBD oil flavors, but some companies may use artificial flavors and sweeteners in their flavored CBD oil. CBD oil flavors also depend on the type of CBD extract that is used to make them.

CBD Isolate Oil

CBD Isolate oil tinctures contain only CBD. They do not contain terpenes or any other cannabinoids, all of those plant compounds are removed. These types of products do not have any added flavor. The natural taste is bitter on its own, so flavoring is used by some companies to mask it.

Broad-Spectrum CBD Oil

Many flavored CBD oil tinctures are broad-spectrum. This term refers to a formulation that either removes just THC and leaves non-psychoactive cannabinoids and terpenes, or it can refer to a formulation that is CBD isolate combined with portions of terpene isolate that are similar to the natural flower strain. Broad-spectrum tincture formulations should use only natural terpenes, but some producers may get those terpenes from sources other than hemp.

Full-Spectrum CBD Oil

Full-spectrum CBD oil contains all naturally occurring hemp compounds. Full-spectrum CBD oil flavors taste like natural hemp because all of the terpenes and cannabinoids, including THC (less than 0.3%) are present. Some companies will add flavoring on top of the natural flavor because the natural CBD flavor of hemp is not always the most appealing. Plain Jane's full-spectrum CBD oil does not have any flavoring added to it.

Hemp Terpene Index

Here is an index of some of the hemp terpenes that are commonly seen in hemp strain terpene profiles. Each will have a description of what is thought to be known of what the hemp terpene is and what benefits it may have.

Terpene benefits have not been extensively or conclusively studied, but they are thought to have beneficial properties similar to cannabinoids. Just keep in mind that many of these 'benefits' have only been studied in mice and are not evaluated by the FDA for safety or efficacy. In other words, they are anecdotal.

Most Common Hemp Terpenes

alpha-Bisabolol: Topical anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects [11]

beta-Caryophyllene: Potent anti-inflammatory and gastric cytoprotector, can bind to cannabinoid receptor 2 [2, 16]

trans-Caryophyllene: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions [18]

alpha-Humulene: Anti-inflammatory, inhibits cell growth in breast and colon cancer cell lines, induces cancer cell apoptosis [15]

D-Limonene: Immunostimulating, antidepressant, anti-anxiety, antimutagenic [2, 16]

Linalool: Analgesic, anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant (Sedative) [2, 16]

beta-Myrcene: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anxiolytic component [2, 16]

alpha-Pinene: Acetylcholinesteral (AChE) Inhibitor (may aid memory), Anti-inflammatory, Bronchodilator, Stimulant, Antibiotic [2, 16]

beta-Pinene: Antibacterial [12]

Less Common Hemp Terpenes

Borneol: Temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints, antibacterial, cardiovascular health [4]

Caryophyllene oxide: Flavoring and fragrance [5]

1,8-Cineole (Eucalyptol): Acetylcholinesteral (AChE) inhibitor, increases cerebral blood flow, stimulant, antibiotic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive [16]

Fenchol: Flavoring and fragrance agent- camphor and lemon-lime [8]

alpha-Farnesene: Flavoring and fragrance agent- floral and woody [1]

beta-Farnesene: Fatty acid and flavoring [3]

Guaiol: Unique to plants of Afghani origin [10]; flavoring and fragrance agent- floral, woody, and rosy odor [9]

Nerol: Rosy odor and bitter taste; flavoring and fragrance additive [14]

beta, cis- Ocimene: Anticonvulsant activity, antifungal activity, antitumor activity, and pest resistance [17]

cis- and trans- Nerolidol: Floral odor; antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, anti-parasitic, insecticidal, anti-ulcer, skin penetration enhancer, anti-tumor, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties [6]

Pulegone: Possible memory booster, AChE inhibitor, Sedative, Antipyretic [16]

alpha-Terpineol: Sedative, antibiotic, AChE inhibitor, antioxidant, antimalarial [16]

Terpinolene: Anti-inflammatory [13]

Hemp Strains By Effects

Again, the effects of hemp strains are very generalized and anecdotal. However, some strains do have terpenes that are thought to be more calming and sleep inspiring or uplifting and energizing. Not all strains have these notable effects, and not all effects are the same for every person (and that is totally normal).

Calming Hemp Strains by Terpene

• Golden Cherry
• Hawaiian Haze
• Mongo
• Ringo's Gift
• Rogue
• Siskiyou Gold
• Special Sauce
• Suver Haze

Neutral Hemp Strains by Terpene

• Bubba Kush
• Elektra
• Pineberry
• T-1
• Wife

Uplifting Hemp Strains by Terpene

• Berry Bliss
• Blueberry Diesel
• CBG
• Harle-Tsu
• Jack Herer
• Lifter
• Stress Killer
• Sour Space Candy

Hemp Strains By Terpene

Berry Bliss Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.27%
• alpha-Humulene 0.08%
• beta, cis- Ocimene 0.06%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.05%
• Limonene 0.05%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.02%

Blueberry Diesel Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.66%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.31%
• alpha-Pinene 0.17%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.13%
• alpha-Humulene 0.12%
• beta-Pinene 0.10%
• Limonene 0.07%
• Guaiol 0.04%
• trans-Nerolidol 0.03%
• beta, cis- Ocimene 0.03%
• Terpineol 0.03%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.02%

Bubba Kush Hemp Flower Terpenes

• trans-Caryophyllene 0.42%
• Limonene 0.15%
• beta-Farnesene 0.14%
• alpha-Humulene 0.14%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.09%
• alpha-Farnesene 0.09%
• beta-Myrcene 0.07%
• Linalool 0.05%
• beta-Pinene 0.02%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.02%
• alpha-Pinene 0.02%
• Fenchyl Alcohol 0.02%
• Terpineol 0.02%

CBG Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Caryophyllene 0.23%
• Guaiol 0.20%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.20%
• alpha-Humulene 0.08%
• beta-Myrcene 0.07%
• Phytol 0.06%
• Limonene 0.04%
• Nerolidol 0.04%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.02%
• Terpineol 0.02%

Elektra Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.78%
• beta-Caryophyllene 0.38%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.17%
• alpha-Humulene 0.16%
• alpha-Pinene 0.13%
• Limonene 0.11%
• Guaiol 0.11%
• Ocimene 0.10%
• beta-Pinene 0.07%
• Nerolidol 0.05%
• Phytol 0.05%
• Linalool 0.05%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.03%
• Terpineol 0.02%
• Geranyl Acetate 0.02%
• Fenchol 0.02%

Golden Cherry Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.55%
• beta-Caryophyllene 0.28%
• Limonene 0.21%
• alpha-Humulene 0.09%
• Guaiol 0.09%
• Phytol 0.07%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.07%
• Linalool 0.04%
• beta-Pinene 0.03%
• Fenchol 0.03%
• Terpineol 0.03%
• alpha-Pinene 0.02%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.02%
• Nerolidol 0.02%

Harle-Tsu Hemp Flower Terpenes

• Terpinolene 0.57%
• Terpinolene 0.57%
• β-Myrcene 0.51%
• beta, cis- Ocimene 0.19%
• α-Pinene 0.12%
• β-Pinene 0.07%
• Limonene 0.09%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.07%
• p-Mentha-1,5-diene 0.04%
• α-Humulene 0.03%
• trans, beta- Ocimene 0.03%
• Terpineol 0.03%
• Guaiol 0.02%
• (+)-3-Carene 0.02%

Hawaiian Haze Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.61%
• beta-Caryophyllene 0.39%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.18%
• alpha-Humulene 0.16%
• Guaiol 0.19%
• Limonene 0.10%
• beta-Pinene 0.07%
• Phytol 0.07%
• Linalool 0.05%
• Nerolidol 0.03%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.03%
• Terpineol 0.02%
• Geranyl Acetate 0.02%
• Fenchol 0.02%
• Pulegone 0.02%

Jack Herer Hemp Flower Terpenes

• Terpinolene 0.28%
• beta, cis- Ocimene 0.23%
• trans, beta- Ocimene 0.23%
• beta-Myrcene 0.10%
• Linalool 0.03%
• Limonene 0.03%
• alpha-Humulene 0.03%
• cis-Nerolidol 0.02%
• trans-Nerolidol 0.02%
• Terpineol 0.02%
• cis-Nerolidol 0.02%
• p-Mentha-1,5-diene 0.02%

Lifter Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.53%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.25%
• alpha-Farnesene 0.20%
• beta, cis- Ocimene 0.13%
• Linalool 0.11%
• beta-Farnesene 0.11%
• alpha-Humulene 0.09%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.07%
• alpha-Pinene 0.05%
• beta-Caryophyllene 0.05%
• Limonene 0.04%
• Nerol 0.03%
• Terpineol 0.03%
• beta-Pinene 0.02%

Mongo Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.37%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.23%
• α-Humulene 0.10%
• alpha-Farnesene 0.09%
• beta, cis- Ocimene 0.09%
• Limonene 0.07%
• α-Bisabolol 0.06%
• Limonene 0.05%
• Linalool 0.02%
• Terpineol 0.02%

Pineberry Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.69%
• alpha-Pinene 0.15%
• Guaiol 0.08%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.08%
• alpha-Farnesene 0.07%
• beta-Pinene 0.06%
• alpha-Humulene 0.04%
• Limonene 0.04%
• beta-Farnesene 0.04%
• Linalool 0.02%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.01%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.01%
• beta, cis- Ocimene 0.01%
• Terpineol 0.01%

Ringo's Gift Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.18%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.18%
• alpha-Pinene 0.13%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.09%
• alpha-Humulene 0.06%
• beta-Pinene 0.03%
• Linalool 0.02%
• Limonene 0.02%
• Guaiol 0.01%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.01%
• trans-Nerolidol 0.01%
• Terpinolene 0.01%
• Terpineol 0.01%

Rogue Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.71%
• beta-Caryophyllene 0.24%
• Limonene 0.16%
• alpha-Pinene 0.14%
• Phytol 0.09%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.09%
• beta-Pinene 0.08%
• Guaiol 0.07%
• alpha-Humulene 0.07%
• Ocimene 0.04%
• Linalool 0.03%
• Pulegone 0.03%
• Fenchol 0.02%
• Terpineol 0.02%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.02%

Siskiyou Gold Hemp Flower Terpenes

• trans-Caryophyllene 0.35%
• beta-Farnesene 0.14%
• alpha-Humulene 0.11%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.10%
• alpha-Farnesene 0.09%
• beta-Myrcene 0.07%
• Limonene 0.05%
• Linalool 0.03%
• trans-Nerolidol 0.01%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.01%
• Terpineol 0.01%

Sour Space Candy Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.95%
• beta-Caryophyllene 0.34%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.16%
• alpha-Pinene 0.15%
• alpha-Humulene 0.13%
• Guaiol 0.12%
• Ocimene 0.12%
• Limonene 0.12%
• Phytol 0.11%
• beta-Pinene 0.08%
• Linalool 0.05%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.03%
• Nerolidol 0.03%
• Geranyl Acetate 0.03%
• Terpineol 0.02%
• Fenchol 0.02%

Special Sauce Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.65%
• beta-Caryophyllene 0.45%
• alpha-Humulene 0.19%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.18%
• alpha-Pinene 0.12%
• Limonene 0.11%
• Phytol 0.10%
• Guaiol 0.08%
• beta-Pinene 0.07%
• Ocimene 0.07%
• Linalool 0.04%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.04%
• Nerolidol 0.03%
• Fenchol 0.02%
• Terpineol 0.02%

Stress Killer Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.56%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.12%
• beta-Farnesene 0.09%
• alpha-Pinene 0.08%
• alpha-Farnesene 0.07%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.07%
• alpha-Humulene 0.04% 0
• Guaiol 0.04%
• beta-Pinene 0.04%
• Limonene 0.04%
• Linalool 0.01%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.01%
• Terpineol 0.01%

Suver Haze Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.90%
• beta-Caryophyllene 0.23%
• alpha-Pinene 0.15%
• Guaiol 0.13%
• Limonene 0.12%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.11%
• Ocimene 0.09%
• alpha-Humulene 0.08%
• beta-Pinene 0.08%
• Phytol 0.07%
• Linalool 0.03%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.03%
• Geranyl Acetate 0.03%
• Pulegone 0.02%
• Terpineol 0.02%
• Fenchol 0.02%
• Nerolidol 0.02%

T-1 Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.54%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.33%
• alpha-Pinene 0.13%
• alpha-Humulene 0.10%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.09%
• beta-Farnesene 0.09%
• beta-Pinene 0.05%
• Limonene 0.05%
• Caryophyllene Oxide 0.01%
• trans-Nerolidol 0.01%
• Terpineol 0.01%

Wife Hemp Flower Terpenes

• beta-Myrcene 0.39%
• trans-Caryophyllene 0.15%
• alpha-Pinene 0.12%
• beta-Farnesene 0.12%
• alpha-Bisabolol 0.09%
• Guaiol 0.08%
• alpha-Farnesene 0.07%
• alpha-Humulene 0.05%
• beta-Pinene 0.04%
• Limonene 0.04%
• beta, cis- Ocimene 0.02%
• Terpineol 0.01%

Hemp Flower Classification

Instead of using indica vs sativa, cannabis professionals and researchers who really understand the plant will talk about “chemotaxonomy” Chemotaxonomy means the chemical classification of a plant. This system does not consider the morphology of the plant because that has nothing to do with the effects it may have.

Instead, chemotaxonomy classifies cannabis strains according to their chemical makeup [7]. The chemotype system also relates to the genes that determine how much and how many cannabinoids a variety will produce. This system is not perfect either though. It does not account for the diversity of other cannabinoids and does not consider terpenes which play a role in the effects of a strain.

Chemotaxonomy of Cannabis

Since most cannabis strains are hybrids and not truly indica or sativa anyways, the chemotaxonomy system is much more practical than calling cannabis by it’s species [7].

Type 1 has a CBD/THC ratio of <0.5

Type 2 has an intermediate CBD/THC ratio of 0.5-3.0

Type 3 has a CBD/THC ratio of >3.0

Hemp Strain Descriptions

Hemp strain descriptions attempt to describe hemp in a similar fashion to the way websites describe marijuana strains of cannabis. Words like “calming,” “relaxing,” and “energizing” are often used. These terms are purely anecdotal and are not based on any scientific research. They are determined mainly by looking at customer reviews and considering the cannabinoid and terpene profiles of the strain. This very generalized language aims to guide consumers to products they will be most likely to enjoy, but the terms used need to walk a careful line.

Hemp strain descriptions cannot legally discuss any medical claims. This is strictly forbidden by the FDA because retail hemp products are vastly unregulated and unproven in contrast to pharmaceuticals and registered dietary supplements. This can make it difficult for companies to give consumers the information they would like to hear. No company can legally claim a hemp strain is good for relieving pain, for example. People may leave reviews saying that some effect was part of their personal experience, but it would be irresponsible and illegal for a company to claim it’s hemp or CBD product is intended for that purpose.

How to Write a Hemp Strain Review

Before starting, be sure to read up on the hemp strain and on hemp and CBD in general. CBD, terpenes, and other non-psychoactive cannabinoids are not substances that always provide a tangible feeling. 

You may notice a better overall sense of well being, or feel more balanced, but you should not expect to “feel” hemp in the way that you “feel” marijuana because it does not have significant amounts of THC. Most often what people feel from cannabis is the THC. So be sure not to expect that from hemp!

1. Note all the attributes of the hemp strain
   1. Name
   2. Cannabinoid Profile
   3. Terpene Profile
   4. Company
2. Take notes of your personal experience when you use the product
   1. Time of day
   2. Delivery method
   3. Dose/amount used
   4. Time to fell an effect (if any)
   5. Time to not feel an effect (if any)
   6. How you felt while using it/What you didn’t feel while using it
3. Compile some research on the hemp strain (and be sure to cite your sources)
4. Write up your review by compiling all of this information. Be sure to acknowledge that your experience is uniquely your own. Be honest, but also consider factors that could have affected your experience such as:
   1. Did you buy the small bud value pack or the regular quality hemp flower which will have better quality?
   2. Were you on any other medications and had you eaten recently?
   3. What expectations did you have and why did you have those expectations?

Final Thoughts on Hemp Terpenes

CBD flavors from less scrupulous hemp companies might come from artificial sources or contain sweeteners, but Plain Jane relies solely on what nature provides. By working with the best local hemp farmers, Plain Jane is able to offer hemp that has been grown to maximize cannabinoid and terpene content.

Natural CBD flavors from hemp terpenes play a major role in the way a hemp strain tastes and smells. These aromatic and flavorful molecules also play a role in your personal experience with a strain. Truly, there is no such thing as 'indica hemp' and the effects that a person experiences are completely unrelated to if a strain is indica vs sativa.

It is the hemp terpenes and cannabinoids that will determine your experience, so keeping track of what types and concentrations of cannabinoids and terpenes are in a strain will allow you to more accurately evaluate your experience and the hemp strain itself.

Whether you are looking to write a hemp strain review or just keeping track for yourself, be sure to consider this information and consider keeping a journal to help track personal variables vs hemp terpene and cannabinoid content.

References

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4. Borneol. (2020). PubChem.
5. Caryophyllene oxide. (2020). PubChem.
6. Chan, W. K., Tan, L. T., Chan, K. G., Lee, L. H., & Goh, B. H. (2016). Nerolidol: A Sesquiterpene Alcohol with Multi-Faceted Pharmacological and Biological Activities. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 21(5), 529.
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12. Leite, A. M., Lima, E. D. O., Souza, E. L. D., Diniz, M. D. F. F. M., Trajano, V. N., & Medeiros, I. A. D. (2007). Inhibitory effect of beta-pinene, alpha-pinene and eugenol on the growth of potential infectious endocarditis causing Gram-positive bacteria. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas, 43(1), 121-126.
13. Macedo, E. M. A., Santos, W. C., Sousa Neto, B. P., Lopes, E. M., Piauilino, C. A., Cunha, F. V. M., ... & Almeida, F. R. C. (2016). Association of terpinolene and diclofenac presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory synergistic effects in a model of chronic inflammation. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 49(7).
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15. Nguyen, L. T., Myslivečková, Z., Szotáková, B., Špičáková, A., Lněničková, K., Ambrož, M., ... & Skálová, L. (2017). The inhibitory effects of β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene oxide and α-humulene on the activities of the main drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat and human liver in vitro. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 278, 123-128.
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